Table of Contents

How to Market Bitcoin and Ethereum Cryptocurrency Brands

October 30, 2025

The global cryptocurrency market capitalization has fluctuated significantly, with Bitcoin and Ethereum together representing a substantial portion of total market value. Yet despite substantial growth, 88% of U.S. adults have heard of cryptocurrency, yet many Americans are not confident in crypto's safety—creating both massive opportunity and significant marketing challenges.

For crypto marketing agencies, digital currency exchanges, and blockchain brands, identifying and converting engaged visitors isn't just about awareness—it's about building trust in a space where consumers frequently prioritize security information when evaluating platforms.

Key Takeaways

  • 88% of U.S. adults have heard of cryptocurrency, yet many are not confident in its safety—highlighting the critical need for educational marketing
  • Many cryptocurrency owners cite social media as a primary information source, making multi-channel strategies essential
  • Projects with transparent development teams experience higher long-term user retention compared to anonymous teams
  • Many crypto users join project-specific communities before investing, making community engagement non-negotiable
  • Brands publishing consistent educational content see user acquisition costs decrease over time
  • Most cryptocurrency users consider community responsiveness a critical factor when choosing projects
  • Projects with comprehensive security audits experience fewer user-reported concerns

Why Crypto Marketing Agency Partnerships Fail Without First-Party Data Ownership

The cryptocurrency marketing landscape operates under fundamentally different rules than traditional digital marketing. While agencies excel at creative campaigns and community management, they struggle with a critical challenge: many cryptocurrency beginners cite difficulty understanding technical aspects as a primary barrier to adoption.

This knowledge gap creates a paradox. Crypto brands need to educate prospects extensively before conversion, yet most agencies rely on third-party cookies and rented audience data that disappear after campaign completion.

The Death of Third-Party Cookies in Crypto Advertising

Google has signaled plans to deprecate third-party cookies in Chrome, with timelines evolving; marketers should prepare for cookie-limited environments regardless of final dates. Third-party cookie deprecation hits cryptocurrency marketing particularly hard because:

  • Extended decision cycles require tracking prospects across multiple sessions before conversion
  • High-consideration purchases demand understanding the complete customer journey, not just the last click
  • Community-driven research means prospects visit multiple platforms before returning to your site
  • Privacy-conscious audience makes crypto investors more likely to block traditional tracking

The result? Agencies deliver impressive awareness metrics but struggle to prove bottom-line impact when they can't track anonymous visitors across the decision journey.

Why Most Agencies Can't Identify Your Anonymous Traffic

Traditional crypto marketing agencies face structural limitations:

Challenge 1: Visitor Anonymity
Standard analytics tools show that traffic arrived, but not who arrived. For crypto brands where many users research extensively in communities before purchasing, this creates massive blind spots.

Challenge 2: No Data Ownership
When agencies run campaigns on rented platforms (social ads, programmatic), the audience data stays with those platforms. Your brand never owns the relationship with prospects who engaged with your content.

Challenge 3: Compliance Complexity
Cryptocurrency marketing operates under heightened regulatory scrutiny. Marketing materials require clear risk disclosures and compliance with evolving financial advertising standards that generic marketing agencies aren't equipped to navigate.

Compliance Requirements for Digital Currency Brands

Best practices for cryptocurrency marketing have evolved significantly. Depending on jurisdiction, crypto marketing should:

  • Include prominent risk disclosures on all promotional materials
  • Avoid language suggesting guaranteed returns or risk-free investments
  • Maintain transparent records of all marketing claims
  • Ensure compliance with CAN-SPAM for email marketing and CPRA for data collection in California

This compliance burden makes first-party data ownership essential. When you own your visitor data through compliant collection methods, you control the audit trail and maintain regulatory defensibility that agency-managed campaigns can't provide.

Building a Crypto Branding Strategy That Converts Anonymous Visitors into Verified Leads

Effective crypto branding differs fundamentally from traditional brand marketing because trust barriers are exponentially higher. In a space where projects with transparent teams achieve higher retention, your ability to identify and verify visitor intent becomes a competitive advantage.

How to Detect High-Intent Crypto Investors on Your Site

Not all website visitors carry equal conversion potential. High-intent crypto investors exhibit specific behavioral signals:

Behavioral Indicators:

  • Extended time on technical documentation pages
  • Multiple visits to security audit reports
  • Repeated returns to team background pages
  • Engagement with fee structure calculators
  • Downloads of whitepapers or technical guides

Traffic Source Quality:

  • Direct traffic (returning visitors who bookmarked your site)
  • Organic search for specific technical terms
  • Referrals from crypto-focused educational sites
  • Community forum links (Reddit, Discord, Telegram)

Device and Session Patterns:

  • Mobile research followed by desktop conversion
  • Multiple sessions spanning several days
  • Cross-device behavior indicating serious research

The challenge? Standard analytics tools show these patterns but can't attach identities to the visitors exhibiting them. This is where visitor identification technology becomes essential for crypto brands.

Converting Visitors Before They Leave for Competitor Exchanges

The cryptocurrency landscape is intensely competitive. Many crypto owners actively compare multiple platforms before making decisions, and most will visit 3-5 competing exchanges during their research phase.

Time-sensitive capture strategies:

  1. Exit-intent technology triggered when visitors show leaving behavior
  2. Educational value exchanges (guides, calculators, comparison tools)
  3. Security-focused opt-ins offering audit reports and compliance documentation
  4. Community access incentives (Discord, Telegram, exclusive research)

Trust Signals That Matter in Digital Currency Branding

For crypto brands, traditional trust signals (logos, testimonials) carry less weight than verifiable credentials:

Primary Trust Factors:

  • Security audits from recognized blockchain security firms
  • Team transparency with verifiable LinkedIn profiles and backgrounds
  • Open-source code repositories with active development
  • Clear regulatory compliance statements and licenses
  • Community testimonials from active users (weighted more heavily than paid endorsements)

Projects implementing comprehensive security documentation and transparent team information convert anonymous visitors at higher rates because they reduce the single biggest barrier: trust uncertainty.

How Digital Currency Exchanges Grow Email Lists Without Buying Unreliable Leads

The temptation to purchase email lists in crypto marketing is strong—but the consequences are severe. Many users report abandoning projects with contradictory or inconsistent information, and purchased lists notoriously contain outdated, uninterested, or fraudulent contacts.

The Hidden Cost of Purchased Crypto Email Lists

Beyond obvious compliance violations (CAN-SPAM has specific requirements), purchased lists damage your brand in measurable ways:

Deliverability Destruction:

  • High bounce rates flag your domain as spam
  • Low engagement rates trigger inbox filtering
  • Spam complaints damage sender reputation permanently

Conversion Impossibility:

  • Contacts never expressed interest in your specific project
  • No behavioral data to personalize messaging
  • Zero relationship foundation to build trust

Regulatory Risk:

  • CPRA violations for unsolicited contact
  • CAN-SPAM penalties over $53,088 per violation
  • Potential securities law issues for unregistered solicitation

Consent-Based List Building for Exchanges

Legitimate digital currency exchanges build email lists through value-aligned opt-ins:

Educational Content Exchanges:

  • Comprehensive guides to cryptocurrency basics
  • Market analysis and trading insights
  • Security best practices and wallet management
  • Regulatory updates and compliance guidance

Tool-Based Capture:

  • Fee calculators and comparison tools
  • Portfolio tracking and analysis
  • Tax reporting assistance
  • Risk assessment questionnaires

Community-Driven Growth:

  • Discord/Telegram access requiring email verification
  • Early access programs for new features
  • Beta testing opportunities
  • Referral rewards for existing community members

Brands implementing educational content strategies see reductions in customer acquisition costs over time while building higher-quality lists.

How Major Exchanges Capture Emails Ethically

Leading cryptocurrency exchanges implement multi-stage progressive profiling:

Stage 1: Anonymous Browsing
Visitors explore freely without friction, building trust through transparent information.

Stage 2: Soft Conversion
Optional email capture for:

  • Price alerts and market notifications
  • Educational newsletter subscriptions
  • Feature update notifications

Stage 3: Account Creation
Required email verification for:

  • Trading access
  • Wallet creation
  • Advanced feature usage

This progressive approach respects users who prioritize community responsiveness and transparency over aggressive sales tactics.

For exchanges serious about compliant list growth, automated lead generation tools that identify anonymous visitors without requiring immediate opt-in provide the perfect balance between conversion and user experience.

Multi-Channel Retargeting Tactics for Bitcoin and Ethereum Marketing Campaigns

The cryptocurrency purchase decision rarely happens in a single session. Many crypto users join project-specific communities for research before committing, requiring multi-touch attribution across channels.

Email Sequences That Convert Crypto Prospects

Email remains the highest-ROI channel for crypto marketing, but sequences must educate rather than pitch:

Welcome Sequence (Days 1-7):

  • Day 1: Educational foundation (blockchain basics, your project's unique approach)
  • Day 3: Security and compliance transparency
  • Day 5: Team introduction and credibility builders
  • Day 7: Community invitation and next steps

Educational Nurture (Ongoing):

  • Weekly market insights and analysis
  • Technical deep-dives on your technology
  • Use case spotlights and real-world applications
  • Regulatory updates and compliance news

Behavioral Triggers:

  • Whitepaper downloads → Technical documentation series
  • Pricing page visits → Fee comparison and value proposition
  • Team page views → Founder interviews and vision content
  • Security audit views → Deep-dive security explanations

Programmatic Ads for Digital Currency Brands

Display advertising for crypto brands must overcome skepticism while maintaining compliance:

Platform Selection:

  • Financial news sites (Bloomberg, CoinDesk, The Block)
  • Tech publications (TechCrunch, Wired, Ars Technica)
  • Investment platforms (Seeking Alpha, Yahoo Finance)
  • Crypto-specific networks (Brave Ads, CoinZilla)

Creative Best Practices:

  • Lead with education, not speculation
  • Feature security credentials prominently
  • Include required risk disclosures
  • Link to comprehensive information, not sales pages

Targeting Strategies:

  • Contextual targeting on blockchain/crypto content
  • Look-alike audiences based on existing qualified users
  • Behavioral segments showing research intent
  • Retargeting pools from website visitors (with proper cross-device tracking)

SMS and Postal Retargeting for High-Value Investors

For high-value crypto investors researching institutional-grade solutions, premium channels create differentiation:

SMS Marketing:

  • Time-sensitive market alerts
  • Security notifications
  • Feature launch announcements
  • Personalized portfolio insights

Direct Mail:

  • Comprehensive investment guides
  • Security credential packages
  • Executive team introductions
  • Premium onboarding materials

These channels work best when integrated with email marketing strategies to create cohesive multi-touch campaigns that respect prospect preferences while maintaining consistent messaging.

The key is marketing automation that orchestrates these channels based on behavioral triggers rather than arbitrary schedules, ensuring each touchpoint adds value to the prospect's research journey.

Reducing Customer Acquisition Costs for Cryptocurrency Platforms

Customer acquisition cost (CAC) in crypto marketing often exceeds sustainable levels because brands chase awareness metrics instead of qualified conversions. Brands implementing educational content reduce CAC over time by attracting qualified prospects rather than cold traffic.

Why Crypto Brands Overspend on Cold Traffic

The typical crypto marketing budget allocation creates inefficiency:

Common Overspending Patterns:

  • Broad awareness campaigns targeting anyone interested in "investing" or "cryptocurrency"
  • Influencer partnerships without conversion tracking or attribution
  • Community building on platforms you don't own (rented audience problem)
  • Paid social optimized for clicks and impressions rather than qualified leads

The Hidden Costs:

  • Low visitor intent means high bounce rates
  • Generic audiences require extensive nurturing
  • No data ownership makes retargeting impossible
  • Compliance risks from broad targeting

Optimizing Paid Ads with Visitor Intelligence

Smart crypto brands flip the acquisition model by starting with behavioral data:

Strategy 1: Retarget Known Behaviors
Instead of cold targeting, focus on visitors who already demonstrated intent:

  • Viewed security audit pages
  • Downloaded whitepapers
  • Spent 3+ minutes on technical documentation
  • Returned multiple times via organic search

Strategy 2: Build Qualified Audiences
Use visitor identification to create pools of prospects who match high-value user profiles:

  • Similar browsing patterns to converted users
  • Engagement with specific content categories
  • Geographic and demographic alignment
  • Device and timing patterns

Strategy 3: Progressive Investment
Allocate budget based on qualification stage:

  • Cold Awareness: 20% (educational content, broad reach)
  • Warm Consideration: 30% (retargeting, nurture campaigns)
  • Hot Conversion: 50% (qualified visitors, high-intent signals)

Measuring True CAC in Digital Currency Marketing

Most crypto brands miscalculate CAC by ignoring lifetime value and attribution complexity:

Accurate CAC Formula:

True CAC = (Total Marketing Spend + Sales Costs + Technology Costs) / (Qualified Customers + Retained Customers)

Critical Adjustments:

  • Include the cost of visitors who converted after multiple touches
  • Factor in churn rate and retention costs
  • Attribute value to educational content that enabled later conversions
  • Account for community-referred customers (lower CAC)

Projects implementing conversion optimization strategies focused on qualified traffic rather than volume see CAC improvements of 40-60% within six months.

AI-Powered Audience Segmentation for Ethereum and Bitcoin Campaigns

Generic messaging fails in cryptocurrency marketing because audience knowledge spans from absolute beginners to sophisticated blockchain developers. AI-powered segmentation enables precision targeting based on actual behavioral data rather than assumptions.

Building Investor Personas from Real Transaction Data

Traditional demographic segmentation misses the mark for crypto audiences. A 25-year-old and 55-year-old with identical blockchain knowledge should receive identical messaging despite demographic differences.

Behavioral Cohort Variables:

Knowledge Level:

  • Beginner (exploring cryptocurrency concepts)
  • Intermediate (owns crypto, understands basics)
  • Advanced (active trader, understands technical concepts)
  • Expert (blockchain developer, sophisticated investor)

Investment Profile:

  • Research phase (no purchases yet)
  • Small-scale investor (<$1,000 holdings)
  • Moderate investor ($1,000-$10,000)
  • Serious investor (>$10,000)
  • Institutional (organizational purchases)

Engagement Patterns:

  • Information seeker (consumes content, rarely interacts)
  • Community participant (active in discussions)
  • Transaction-focused (minimal community engagement)
  • Advocate (refers others, creates content)

Technical Comfort:

  • Non-technical (struggles with wallet setup)
  • Basic technical (comfortable with standard operations)
  • Advanced technical (runs nodes, understands consensus)

Behavioral Triggers That Predict Crypto Purchases

AI analysis of successful conversion paths reveals predictable sequences:

High-Intent Sequence 1: The Researcher

  1. Organic search for "[coin name] security audit"
  2. 5+ minute dwell time on security documentation
  3. Download whitepaper
  4. Return visit within 24 hours
  5. View pricing/fee structure page

High-Intent Sequence 2: The Comparison Shopper

  1. Referral from competitor comparison article
  2. Navigate to features page
  3. View team background information
  4. Check security credentials
  5. Return from mobile device within 48 hours

High-Intent Sequence 3: The Community Validator

  1. Referral from Reddit or Discord
  2. Check multiple team member profiles
  3. Read recent company blog posts
  4. Join community channel
  5. Return directly (bookmark) within one week

AI models trained on thousands of conversion paths identify these patterns in real-time, enabling dynamic audience segmentation that automatically adjusts messaging based on where visitors are in their decision journey.

Syncing AI Segments with Google and Meta Ads

The power of AI segmentation multiplies when synchronized with advertising platforms:

Google Ads Integration:

  • Create custom audiences based on behavioral cohorts
  • Adjust bidding strategies by segment value
  • Personalize ad creative to knowledge level
  • Exclude converted users from acquisition campaigns

Meta Advertising Integration:

  • Build look-alike audiences from high-value segments
  • Target similar behavioral patterns on new platforms
  • Suppress audiences already receiving email nurture
  • Test creative variations by cohort

Cross-Platform Optimization:

  • Unified frequency capping across channels
  • Coordinated messaging sequences
  • Consistent brand experience regardless of entry point
  • Holistic attribution measurement

Platforms with seamless ESP and ad integrations enable this synchronization without manual exports and imports, ensuring segments update in real-time as visitor behavior evolves.

Integrating Marketing Technology Stacks for Cryptocurrency Platforms

Fragmented marketing technology creates data silos that undermine personalization and attribution. Successful crypto brands build unified stacks with seamless data flow across all customer touchpoints.

Essential Marketing Tools for Crypto Brands

A complete crypto marketing stack includes:

Core Platform Layer:

  • Website and exchange platform
  • Customer database and CRM
  • Analytics and attribution system
  • Security and compliance monitoring

Engagement Layer:

  • Email marketing platform (Klaviyo, Iterable, Braze)
  • SMS and push notification system
  • Community platforms (Discord, Telegram)
  • Customer support and live chat

Acquisition Layer:

  • Advertising platforms (Google, Meta, crypto-specific networks)
  • SEO and content management
  • Affiliate and referral tracking
  • Visitor identification and lead capture

Intelligence Layer:

  • AI-powered segmentation and personas
  • Predictive analytics and scoring
  • Cross-device identity resolution
  • Behavioral tracking and analysis

Plug-and-Play Integrations That Work Today

The best crypto marketing stacks prioritize integrations that work out-of-the-box:

Email Service Provider (ESP) Integrations:

  • Klaviyo workflows for behavioral triggers
  • Iterable cross-channel campaigns
  • Braze real-time messaging
  • Omnisend automated sequences

eCommerce Platform Connections:

  • Shopify for merchandise and branded items
  • WooCommerce for flexible implementations
  • BigCommerce for enterprise-scale
  • Magento for customized solutions

Advertising Platform Sync:

  • Google Ads for search and display
  • Meta (Facebook/Instagram) for social
  • LinkedIn for B2B and institutional
  • Twitter/X for crypto-native audiences

CRM and Data Platforms:

  • Salesforce for enterprise CRM
  • HubSpot for integrated marketing
  • Segment for data orchestration
  • Custom APIs for proprietary systems

Building a Unified Customer Data Platform

The ultimate goal is a single source of truth for customer data:

Data Unification Benefits:

  • Single customer view across all touchpoints
  • Consistent personalization across channels
  • Accurate attribution and ROI measurement
  • Compliance and privacy management

Implementation Approach:

Phase 1: Core Integration

  • Connect website to ESP (Klaviyo, Iterable)
  • Implement visitor identification
  • Set up basic behavioral tracking

Phase 2: Channel Expansion

  • Add advertising platform sync
  • Integrate community platforms
  • Connect CRM for sales alignment

Phase 3: Intelligence Layer

  • Deploy AI segmentation
  • Implement predictive scoring
  • Enable cross-device identity resolution

Phase 4: Optimization

  • Real-time personalization
  • Automated campaign orchestration
  • Continuous testing and learning

Platforms offering plug-and-play integrations with Shopify, Klaviyo, WooCommerce, Attentive, Iterable, and Omnisend reduce implementation time from months to days, enabling crypto brands to focus on strategy rather than technical integration.

Why OpenSend Is Essential for Cryptocurrency Marketing Success

Cryptocurrency brands face a unique challenge: they must identify and engage anonymous visitors while maintaining strict compliance with privacy regulations—all in an industry where consumers frequently prioritize security above everything else.

OpenSend solves this challenge with a proprietary identity graph built specifically for compliant visitor identification. Processing billions of events daily across extensive US-based sites, OpenSend identifies, on average, 25-35% of anonymous visitors according to OpenSend—higher than typical industry rates—while maintaining 100% compliance with CAN-SPAM and CPRA regulations.

How OpenSend Addresses Crypto-Specific Marketing Challenges

Challenge 1: Extended Research Cycles
Crypto investors research extensively before committing. OpenSend Connect tracks visitors across multiple sessions and devices, ensuring you can re-engage prospects who visited weeks ago—even if they never filled out a form.

Challenge 2: Cross-Device Fragmentation
With investors researching on mobile but converting on desktop, OpenSend Reconnect unifies fragmented consumer identities across devices using sophisticated identity resolution, creating a complete view of each prospect's journey.

Challenge 3: Email List Decay
As crypto users change email providers or abandon old addresses, OpenSend Revive can help maintain list quality by updating contact information (subject to user consent, partner agreements, and applicable law) while honoring user choices—preventing churn and maintaining deliverability.

Challenge 4: Generic Segmentation
One-size-fits-all messaging fails when your audience ranges from crypto beginners to blockchain developers. OpenSend Personas creates AI-powered cohorts based on real behavioral data, enabling precision targeting that respects knowledge levels and investment sophistication.

Compliance-First Architecture for Regulated Industries

Cryptocurrency marketing operates under intense regulatory scrutiny. OpenSend's architecture prioritizes compliance:

  • 100% legally compliant with CAN-SPAM and CPRA through consent-based partnerships with thousands of sites
  • 180M+ US shoppers in a network where all users have consented to partner marketing
  • End-to-end encryption and sophisticated security protocols protecting all data
  • Designed to filter non-human traffic through proprietary verification

The platform complies with all data protection laws by partnering with thousands of sites with millions of registered users who explicitly consent to partner marketing, ensuring every identified visitor represents legitimate, compliant lead generation. Techniques like fingerprinting and identity graphs require clear disclosures and a valid legal basis (consent or legitimate interests, as applicable), with opt-out/objection mechanisms. CPRA "Do Not Sell/Share" implications for cross-context behavioral ads are addressed through comprehensive privacy controls.

Seamless Integration with Crypto Marketing Stacks

OpenSend connects with the tools crypto brands already use:

  • ESP Integration: First-class Klaviyo integration, plus Iterable, Braze, Omnisend, Attentive
  • eCommerce Platforms: Shopify, WooCommerce, BigCommerce, Magento
  • Implementation:can be implemented quickly (often via a lightweight pixel install or Google Tag Manager)
  • Data Sync: Real-time synchronization ensuring identified visitors immediately flow to your marketing tools

Proven Results for DTC and Digital Brands

While OpenSend serves multiple industries, DTC brands see strong results according to OpenSend internal data:

  • Brands generating estimated 6X to 48X ROI within first 30-60 days
  • Around 73% USA shopper match rate
  • Approximately 5X more emails captured compared to traditional form-based methods
  • Average 35% higher click rates on campaigns targeting identified visitors

Transparent Pricing and Risk-Free Testing

OpenSend offers straightforward pricing plans:

  • Connect Plan: Starting around $500/month for 2,000+ identities with credits that roll over
  • Only pay for net new leads—no charges for duplicate identifications
  • 2-week trial for $1 allowing crypto brands to test effectiveness before committing

For cryptocurrency brands serious about converting anonymous traffic into qualified leads while maintaining regulatory compliance, OpenSend provides the infrastructure to identify visitors, personalize engagement, and measure attribution—all protected by the same security standards crypto users demand from the platforms they trust.

Ready to see how your crypto brand can identify anonymous visitors? Explore OpenSend's solutions or review the FAQ to learn more about implementation and compliance.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do crypto marketing agencies identify anonymous website visitors legally?

Legitimate visitor identification uses first-party data collection methods, consent-based partnerships, and privacy-focused browser fingerprinting that comply with GDPR and CPRA. Modern platforms partner with thousands of sites where millions of registered users consent to partner marketing, ensuring all identified visitors represent legally compliant lead generation. OpenSend complies with all data protection laws through consent-based partnerships and follows US laws including CAN-SPAM and CPRA.

Can you build compliant email lists for Bitcoin and Ethereum brands without buying leads?

Yes. Educational content exchanges, progressive profiling, and tool-based capture (calculators, portfolio trackers, risk assessments) build high-quality lists organically. Brands implementing educational content strategies see reductions in customer acquisition costs over time while building higher-quality lists than purchased options.

How does cross-device tracking work for cryptocurrency investor journeys?

Cross-device tracking combines device fingerprinting (browser characteristics, screen resolution, installed fonts), probabilistic matching (IP patterns, behavioral similarity, timestamp correlation), and deterministic matching (email identification, account logins) to recognize visitors across devices. OpenSend Reconnect unifies fragmented consumer identities using a proprietary identity graph that recognizes returning visitors across devices while maintaining end-to-end encryption.

What marketing channels have the highest ROI for digital currency exchanges?

Email marketing delivers high ROI; industry benchmarks often cite around $36 returned per $1 spent across industries, followed by organic search and paid search. However, many crypto owners cite social media as a primary information source, making multi-channel strategies that integrate email, content marketing, and community engagement essential for optimal results.

How do you prevent email list churn in crypto marketing campaigns?

Email list churn prevention requires progressive profiling to request confirmations during high-value interactions, behavioral triggers to detect decreasing engagement before hard bounces, real-time validation at point of capture, and periodic list cleaning. Subject to user consent and applicable law, tools can help maintain list quality by updating contact information while honoring user choices.

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October 30, 2025

Before iOS 14: The rollout of ITP

Apple’s attempts to protect privacy and limit 3rd-party tracking scripts started way before iOS 14 was released in September 2020. 
In 2017, Apple began tightening cross-site tracking via the debut of Intelligent Tracking Prevention (ITP)—blocking 3rd-party cookies, shortening lifetimes for some 1st-party cookies, and generally sanding down “free” identifiers marketers had taken for granted.
If you felt your cookie windows shrinking in 2019, that was ITP 2.1 capping many JavaScript-set cookies to 7 days.

iOS 14: The mobile ID reset

With the release of iOS 14 in September 2020, App Tracking Transparency (ATT) made device-level ad identifiers opt-in, and Apple shipped privacy-preserving attribution options (e.g., Private Click Measurement on web/app-to-web).
In response, Google added WBRAID/GBRAID tracking parameters to keep some campaign measurement working in iOS flows where gclid was no longer viable.
Much more notably, seeing the writing on the wall for 3rd-party tracking pixels, Facebook released its Conversions API (CAPI) in 2020 to help advertisers track campaign engagement without complete dependence on Facebook Pixels.
References:

iOS 17: The link parameter squeeze & further limiting of cookie lifespans

With the release of iOS 17 in September 2023, Link Tracking Protection (LTP) started stripping known tracking parameters (think gclid, fbclid, msclkid) in Mail, Messages, and Safari Private Browsing.
UTM parameters typically continued to pass for aggregate reporting, but click-ID-only pipelines got shakier in these contexts.
References:
Perhaps more importantly, with the release of iOS 17, all Safari WebKit browsers (including desktop browsers) started deleting all tracking cookies set with 3rd-party JavaScript after 7 days of inactivity on a website.
References:

iOS 26/Safari 26: “Default-on” tightening

Now, in the fall of 2025, we are of course confronted by further tightening of 3rd-party tracking pixels with these default changes to click IDs.

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